Plate 28: Conscript replacement agency, from 'Caricaturana,' published in Les Robert Macaires

Art Historical Context

Created in 1838 by Honoré Daumier in collaboration with publisher Charles Philipon, this lithograph belongs to the celebrated series *Les Robert Macaires*. The series follows the schemes of the fictional con artist Robert Macaire, a character who embodied the greed and corruption of’s July Monarchy. Plate 28, titled *Conscript replacement agency*, lampoons the practice of hiring substitutes to avoid military service, exposing how the wealthy could evade civic duty while the poor bore its burdens. Daumier’s sharp satire captures a bustling office where men and women negotiate fees and contracts, turning a national obligation into a commercial transaction. The lively figures and exaggerated expressions highlight the absurdity and moral emptiness of the system, making the print both humorous and pointedly critical. As a lithograph on wove paper, the work benefited from the medium’s ability to reach a broad audience through inexpensive reproduction. Daumier’s expressive line and keen social observation helped transform caricature into a powerful tool for public commentary, cementing his reputation as one of the 19th century’s most influential graphic artists.

About the Artist

Aubert et Cie|Charles Philipon|Junca|Honoré Daumier|Aubert et Cie (French|French|French) · 1808 |1829 |1829 –1879 |1929 |1929

French, Marseilles 1808–1879 Valmondois| |