Polygonal Virginal converted to a Tangent Piano

Art Historical Context

This remarkable instrument began life as a polygonal virginal crafted by the Italian maker Franciscus Bonafinis around 1585–1587. Virginals were popular household keyboard instruments during the Renaissance, valued for their compact size and bright tone. In 1717, the instrument was converted into a tangent piano, an early form of struck-string keyboard that foreshadowed the modern piano. Such modifications reflect changing musical tastes as composers sought greater dynamic expression. Measuring just 31.7 cm in length, this exceptionally small example would have suited intimate domestic settings. Its case of cypress wood, accented with ebony and ivory, showcases the refined craftsmanship typical of Italian instrument makers. The transformation from plucked to struck mechanism highlights the inventive spirit of musicians and builders across two centuries. Housed in the Metropolitan Museum’s Crosby Brown Collection, the instrument offers visitors a tangible connection to the evolution of keyboard technology and the enduring appeal of portable musical instruments in Italian culture.