The Three Judges

Art Historical Context

Honoré Daumier, a master of 19th-century French caricature and social commentary, created *The Three Judges* around 1858–60. This watercolor and gouache work on ivory laid paper captures his signature satirical bite, skewering the pompous French judiciary during the Second Empire under Napoleon III. Daumier, who produced over 4,000 lithographs critiquing corruption and inequality, often targeted lawyers and judges, portraying them as grotesque figures more interested in self-importance than justice. Rendered in a dynamic mix of watercolor, black and gray gouache, charcoal, and graphite, the 36.3 × 53.8 cm sheet showcases Daumier's virtuoso technique. The fluid brushwork and heightened gouache create dramatic contrasts, emphasizing exaggerated facial expressions and theatrical poses that amplify the judges' absurdity. Housed in the Art Institute of Chicago's Prints and Drawings department, this piece exemplifies his shift from printmaking to more intimate watercolors later in life. *The Three Judges* remains a poignant reminder of Daumier's role as a "people's artist," using humor to expose societal flaws. Its enduring appeal lies in blending realism with caricature, inviting viewers to reflect on power and prejudice across eras.

About the Artist

Honoré-Victorin Daumier · 1808–1879

Honoré-Victorin Daumier (1808-1879) was a prolific French printmaker, caricaturist, painter, and sculptor whose works offered incisive commentary on the social and political life of 19th-century France. Known as the 'Michelangelo of Caricature,' Daumier produced over 4,000 lithographs, 500 paintings, 1,000 drawings, and 100 sculptures during his lifetime. His biting political satire led to his imp...